Positive association between the diversity of symbionts and parasitoids of aphids in field populations

Parasites and pathogens are crucial in shaping immune systems. Many animals especially insects have outsourced part of their function to protective symbionts. There is good evidence that, akin systems, parasites shape the occurrence diversity symbionts that likewise, can parasites. Such a relationship should result correlation between symbiont parasite nature. Aphids well known for possessing provide specific effective protection against parasitoid wasps. We compared across multiple populations different aphid species genus Aphis The parasitoids was indeed positively associated. Even though this association very noisy, it line with hypothesis promote each other’s diversity.